According to custom, all free Norse men were required to own weapons, as well as permitted to carry them at all times. These arms were also indicative of a Viking’s social status. A wealthy Viking would have a complete ensemble of a metal helmet, wooden shield, mail shirt, and animal-skin coat, among various other arms and trappings of war. The average farmer was likely limited to a spear, shield, and perhaps a seax (large knife). Some would bring their hunting bows to use in the opening stages of battle, as well.

The viking helmet was made of iron formed in the shape of a rounded cap. They were made from either a single piece of iron hammered into shape; or from several pieces of iron riveted together. This style, called a spangenhelm, required less labor and was easier to make. Today, the helmets that we see are simple bowls with a prominent nose guard. There are those who claim that the iconic Viking helmet with horns never really existed during the Viking era.